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22 July, 2022
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Mouth
Your mouth, or oral cavity, is an oval opening in your skull. It starts at the lips and ends at the neck. It is important for many bodily functions, including breathing, speaking and eating. In a healthy mouth, the tissues are moist, pink, odorless and painless. Brushing, flossing, and visiting the dentist can help keep your mouth healthy. see what is a mouth Your mouth is part of your digestive system. This oval shape of your skull starts at your lips and ends at your throat. Your mouth allows air and nutrients to enter your body and also helps you speak. It is also called the oral cavity. The inside of your face is known as the buccal mucosa.
What is the function of your mouth?
The mouth is involved in many important functions of the body:
• Breathing.
• To speak.
• Digestion of food and drink.
• Drinking.
• Swallowing.
• To speak.
• Tasting.
What are the parts of your mouth?
The lining of your mouth holds food in place for chewing and allows you to make sounds and words:
• Wang.
• Lips.
• Battle.
The roof of your mouth is the roof of your mouth that separates your mouth from your nose or nasal area. It consists of bones and muscles. Inside the mouth are:
• Gums: The gums are the tissue that anchors your teeth in place.
• Mucous membrane of the oral cavity (mucosa): The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is the lining on the inside of the mouth.
• Salivary Glands: Three pairs of salivary glands produce saliva (saliva).
• Sensory receptors: Sensory receptors in your mouth help you feel the temperature and texture of food and drink.
• Taste buds: These cells help detect taste and flavor (sweet, salty, sour and bitter).
• Teeth: Your mouth has 32 teeth that crush and tear food for swallowing and digestion.
• Tongue: Your tongue is a strong muscle with taste buds. It moves food in your mouth and helps you talk.
• Uvula: This piece of flesh that hangs at the back of the palate helps move food from the mouth to the throat.
What does healthy oral anatomy look and feel like?
In a healthy mouth, the tissues are pink, firm and moist. If you have a healthy mouth, your breath will smell or be neutral. Healthy gums are firm and pink, not red or white. They are not swollen or painful. The teeth should be firmly seated in the gums, not twisting. It wouldn't hurt to chew or brush your teeth. A healthy mouth has no bumps, flaps, holes or rough spots.
RULES AND CONDITIONS
What conditions and diseases affect the oral cavity?
Many problems can affect your mouth. Examples:
• Bad breath (halitosis).
• Cleft lip and palate.
• Cold sores or other sores.
• Dry mouth (xerostomia).
• Infection.
• Cancer of the mouth.
• Tongue problems such as a cracked, coated or altered surface.
• Trauma or injury.
• Dental problems such as plaque build-up, cavities, abscesses or damage to wisdom teeth.
• Gum problems such as gingivitis and periodontal disease.
• Speech problems (eg lisp). Oral health problems can be a sign that you have another health problem. If you have oral problems,
How can I keep my mouth healthy?
You can keep your teeth, gums and mouth healthy with good oral hygiene, regular dental visits and a healthy lifestyle. For example:
• Avoid smoking and chewing tobacco.
• Brush your teeth, tongue and entire mouth twice a day. Use fluoride toothpaste.
• Drink plenty of water, limit sugary drinks like soda.
• Eat healthy food, avoid excessive sugar.
• Floss between your teeth once a day.
if you experience any of the following symptoms in your mouth:
• Cuts or bruises that won't go away or keep coming back.
• Aches or pains.
• Frequent bleeding.
• Spaces between teeth and gums.
• Less odor. Missing teeth (permanent dentition in adults).
• Dry mouth that won't go away.
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Legs
Legs are used for standing and all forms of movement, including entertainment such as dancing, and are an important part of the human body. Female legs typically have greater hip anteversion and tibiofemoral angles, but shorter femur and tibial length than males.
What are the leg muscles?
There are many different muscles in the upper and lower limbs. Together, these muscles help you walk, run, jump, stand on your tiptoes, and bend your feet (toes to knees). The muscles in your legs work with your bones, tendons, and ligaments to stabilize your body, support your weight, and help you move. Muscle strains (tearing or stretching a muscle too far) in the legs are common injuries. This is usually the result of strenuous exercise or overuse. To keep your leg muscles strong, you need to warm up before physical activity. By maintaining a healthy weight and focusing on staying healthy in general, you can keep your leg muscles working properly.
What is the purpose of the thigh muscles?
Leg muscles help you move, support your body weight, and support you when you stand. There are many muscles in the upper and lower limbs. They work together to allow you to walk, run, jump, and bend and straighten your legs.
What is the purpose of the muscles of the lower limbs?
The muscles of the lower limbs have many important functions. They contain: Anterior Muscles: These muscles help you raise and lower your foot and extend your toes. They are on the anterior (front) side of the lower leg. Lateral muscles: Running on the outside of the lower leg, these muscles stabilize the foot when you run or walk. They also allow you to move your foot from side to side. Back muscles: These muscles are on the back of the lower leg. Some are superficial (close to the surface of your skin) and others are located deeper in the leg. They help you:
• Bend and point your toes.
• Jump, run and push to sprint.
• Lock and unlock the knees.
• Maintain good posture by strengthening your legs.
• Stand up straight by supporting the arch of the foot.
What is the purpose of the upper leg muscles?
The upper leg muscles are very strong. They support your weight and help you move your hips and legs. Their works include: Front muscles: These muscles stabilize your body and help with balance. You can too:
• Bend and straighten your knees.
• Bend the leg at the hip joints.
• Rotate your legs around your hips. Medial muscles: These muscles help hip adduction (movement of the leg towards the center of the body). They also allow the leg to bend, extend and rotate. Back muscles: Providers also call these hamstring muscles. They help you move your leg from front to back and rotate it in the hip socket.
ANATOMY
Where are the lower leg muscles located?
Your lower leg muscle anatomy includes: Anterior Muscles: You have four muscles in the anterior (front) of the lower leg. It goes from the knees to the feet. They are:
• Extensor digitorum longus.
• Extensor hallucis longus.
• Fibularis tertius.
• Tibialis anterior. Lateral muscles: The fibularis longus and fibularis brevis run on the outside (lateral part) of your lower leg. They start below the knee and go down to the ankle. Back: The muscles on the back (back) of the lower leg are:
• Calf muscles, which include the calf muscles and calf muscles.
• Flexor digitorum longus.
• Flexor hallucis longus.
• Popliteus, which is deeper in the leg behind the knee joints.
• posterior tibialis. Where are the upper leg muscles located? The muscles in your upper leg (your hamstrings) run from your hip to your knee. Anatomy of the muscles of the upper leg includes: Foreleg: You have three main muscles in the upper leg. You also have another muscle, the iliopsoas, which starts at the bottom of the spine and attaches to the femur (thigh bone). The main muscles of the upper thigh are:
• Pectineus.
• The quadriceps femoris (quadriceps femoris), which actually contains four muscles that start at the top of the leg and end at the knee.
• Sartorius. Medial: Providers also call the medial part of the thigh the hip adductors. You have five medial thigh muscles (on the inner thigh). They are:
• Adductor brevis.
• Adductor longus.
• Adductor magnus.
• Gracilis.
• Obturator externus. Back: The most common name for these muscles is the hamstrings. They start at the bottom of the butt, run down the back of the leg, and extend to the inside and outside of the knee. These muscles include:
• Biceps femoris.
• Semimembranosus.
• Semitendinosus.
What do the thigh muscles look like?
Leg muscles are part of your musculoskeletal system and are skeletal muscles. Many individual fibers make up skeletal muscle. These fibers join together to create a banded or streaked appearance.
RULES AND CONDITIONS
What conditions and diseases affect the leg muscles?
Conditions that affect the leg muscles include:
• Leg drop: A condition that makes it difficult or impossible to raise the leg at the knee. It can drag itself on the ground while walking. Drops in the feet are the result of medical conditions such as stroke or nerve damage.
• Leg cramps: Muscle spasms and muscle cramps are very common. Leg cramps can be a result of pregnancy, dehydration, and certain medications and medical conditions. It can happen at night or during the day. People over the age of 60 are more likely to get leg cramps, especially at night.
• Muscle strain: The most common leg muscle injury is sprain. This occurs when muscle fibers are overstretched or torn. It can affect any part of your leg, resulting in a calf muscle tear or hamstring injury. These injuries are often the result of overuse or strenuous exercise, especially in activities that require rapid starts and stops.
• Tennis leg: This type of muscle injury causes calf pain. It can happen in any sport, but providers call it tennis foot because it usually happens when the leg is extended and the foot is flexible. This is the foot position used by tennis players when serving the tennis ball and "pushing" into motion.
What are some common signs or symptoms of conditions that affect the leg muscles?
Leg muscle problems can be caused by:
• Muscle pain, tension and stiffness. The pain can be sharp or dull. It may start as a mild pain and gradually worsen.
• Muscle weakness or reduced range of motion.
• Pain, tenderness or swelling.
What are some common tests to check leg muscle health?
Providers can often diagnose muscle strains during a physical exam. Your provider will look for swelling and tenderness. To test function, you may be asked to move your leg or foot into certain positions during the examination. To check for muscle, tendon, or other soft tissue damage, your provider may order an imaging study, such as an ultrasound or MRI. These imaging studies can help your provider make an accurate diagnosis.
What are some common treatments for leg muscle injuries?
Depending on the location and severity of the injury, your provider may recommend:
• Massage therapy: Massage can help you recover from an injury while increasing flexibility and range of motion. People with leg cramps can relieve pain and relax tight muscles by massaging the tight muscles with their hands or a roller.
• Medications: Your provider may recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or prescription pain relievers. Some medications can relax the muscles and prevent cramps at night.
• The RICE method: You can treat minor muscle strains and tears with rest. Ask your provider about the RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation) method. Apply ice or a cold compress for 20 minutes. Always protect your skin to avoid skin burns.
• Physical therapy: After a muscle strain or tear, a physical therapy (PT) program can strengthen leg muscles. Your provider will tell you when you are ready to start a PT program after your injury. Physical therapists may use modalities such as dry needling and cupping to address muscle conditions.
• Stretching: Slow stretching can relieve pain and tension from leg cramps or pulled leg muscles. Ask your provider if they recommend sections.
• Surgery: If you have a severe muscle tear, your provider may recommend surgery. Your provider will repair the tear and sew it up with stitches to make it fit. amp How can I keep my leg muscles healthy? To prevent leg muscle problems, you should: • Maintain a healthy weight: People who are overweight are more likely to develop muscle strains. Plus, the pounds put pressure on your legs and put you at a higher risk of injury, such as strains. If you are overweight or obese, talk to your provider about the weight that is best for you.
• Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water and other fluids can reduce your chances of leg cramps.
• Stretch and warm up before exercise: Warmed up muscles are less likely to strain or tear. Before any physical activity, make sure you do a warm-up program to stretch your leg muscles and increase flexibility. Gradually increase the intensity as you exercise.
• Monitor your medications: Some medications can cause leg cramps. Talk to your provider about using another drug that does not cause this side effect.
When should I call my doctor about my leg cramps?
If you have severe or sudden calf pain that does not improve after a day or two of rest, call your provider. Calf pain and other muscle strain symptoms can be real symptoms of a serious medical condition, such as bleeding, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), nerve damage, or inflammation of the Achilles tendon. Get immediate help if you have:
• Edema (swelling), heat, redness or tenderness in the calf.
• Noise reduction.
• Severe muscle weakness or problems moving the lower leg.
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22 July, 2022
RULES AND CONDITIONS
What conditions and diseases affect the muscles of the arm?
Some conditions that can affect your arm muscles include:
• Muscle tension: If the muscle fibers are stretched too far, arm muscles can be injured. In severe cases, your muscles may break (tear). Lifting something heavy or doing strenuous activities can pull or tear an arm muscle. Muscle strains are very common. It can also be a result of overuse.
Rhabdomyolysis: This rare, life-threatening condition occurs when muscle fibers break down. Rhabdomyolysis (rhabdo) is often the result of overexertion and strenuous exercise. It is more common in endurance athletes.
What are some common signs or symptoms of conditions that affect the muscles of the arms?
Arm muscle problems can be caused by:
• Muscle pain, tension and stiffness. The pain can be sharp or dull. It can start mild and get progressively worse.
• Muscle weakness or reduced range of motion.
• Spasms or muscle spasms.
• Tenderness or bruising in the arm. Health care providers can usually check for muscle tension during a physical exam. Your healthcare provider will look for swelling and tenderness. They can move your hand, finger or arm. To check for muscle, tendon, or other soft tissue damage, your health care provider may order an imaging study, such as an ultrasound or MRI. These imaging studies can help your healthcare provider make an accurate diagnosis.
What are some common treatments for arm muscle injuries?
Depending on the location and severity of the injury, your healthcare provider may recommend:
• Acupuncture: Dry needling and acupuncture can reduce acute (short-term) and chronic pain from muscle injuries. These treatments also speed up the healing process.
• Massage therapy: Massage can help you recover from muscle damage. It also increases flexibility and range of motion while relieving pain.
• Medications: Your healthcare provider may recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or prescription pain relievers.
• The RICE method: You can treat minor muscle strains and tears with rest. Ask your healthcare provider about the RICE (rest, ice, compression and elevation) method. Apply ice or a cold compress every 20 minutes to relieve pain.
• Physical therapy: After a muscle strain or tear, a physical therapy (PT) program can strengthen the arm muscles. Your health care provider will tell you when you are ready to start a PT program after your injury.
• Stretching: Gentle stretching can relieve pain and tension from a stretched muscle. Ask your healthcare provider for stretching recommendations.
• Surgery: If you have a severe muscle tear, your healthcare provider may recommend surgery.
How can I keep my arm muscles healthy?
To avoid arm muscle problems, you should take some time to stretch and warm up before use. Hot muscles stretch or tense less. Gradually increase the intensity as you exercise. Avoid lifting anything too heavy and stop if you feel pain.
When should I call my doctor about my arm muscles?
See your healthcare provider if you notice a sudden change in the appearance of your arm, or if you have muscle pain or weakness that does not improve for several days. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have muscle pain and:
• Numbness or ringing.
• Severe muscle weakness.
• Muscle swelling.
• Very dark, red or brown urine.
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22 July, 2022
Head
The human head consists of a fleshy outer part that surrounds the skull bone. The brain is contained in the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head. The head is in the neck and is supported by seven cervical vertebrae. A human head typically weighs between 2.3 and 5 kilograms (5.1 and 11.0 lb). More than 95% of people fit into this range. There are strange incidents where people have abnormally small or large heads. The Zika bacterium was responsible for an outbreak in the early 2000s. The face is the front part of the head that contains the eyes, nose and mouth. On each side of the mouth, the cheeks form the fleshy edge of the mouth. The ears are on both sides of the head. The human head consists of a fleshy outer part that surrounds the skull bone. The brain is contained in the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head. The head is in the neck and is supported by seven cervical vertebrae. A human head typically weighs between 2.3 and 5 kilograms (5.1 and 11.0 lb). More than 95% of people fit into this range. There are strange incidents where people have abnormally small or large heads. The Zika bacterium was responsible for an outbreak in the early 2000s. The face is the front part of the head that contains the eyes, nose and mouth. On each side of the mouth, the cheeks form the fleshy edge of the mouth. The ears are on both sides of the head. see Your axial skeleton consists of the bones of your head, neck, back, and chest and supports and supports your brain, spinal cord, and organs in your body.
What is the axial skeleton?
The adult human body has 206 bones. These bones are divided into two main parts: your appendicular skeleton and your axial skeleton. Your axial skeleton is made up of bones along your vertical axis. Axial comes from the word "axis" which means line. The bones are located along the central core of your body.
What is the difference between axial and appendicular skeleton?
Your axial skeleton consists of the bones of your head, neck, back, and chest. Your appendicular skeleton is made up of everything - the bones that attach to (add to) your axial skeleton. Your appendicular skeleton includes the bones of your shoulders, pelvis, and arms, including your arms, hands, legs, and feet.
What is the main function of the axial skeleton?
Your axial skeleton provides support and cushioning for your brain, spinal cord and body organs. The muscles in your body that move your head, neck, and torso are attached to your axial skeleton. These muscles help you breathe and stabilize parts of your appendicular skeleton. Your axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones.
What are the five parts of the axial skeleton?
The five parts of your axial skeleton include the bones in your skull, the ossicles (small bones) in your middle ear, the hyoid bone in your neck, the vertebrae (the bones in your spine), and the rib cage (chest).
Which bones belong to the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton includes the bones of your skull, ears, neck, back, and ribs: skull Your skull has two sets of bones: eight cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The cranial bones form the top and back of your skull and support and protect your brain. The eight cranial bones include:
• Two parietal bones (left and right).
• Two temporal bones (left and right).
• Frontal bone.
• Occipital bone.
• Ethmoid bone.
• Sphenoid bone. The facial bones form the surface of your skull and form a pathway for your body. The 14 facial bones include:
• Two jaw bones (left and right).
• Two zygomatic bones (left and right).
• Bone in the lower jaw.
• Two nasal bones (left and right).
• Two palatine bones (left and right).
• Two bones of the nasal concha (left and right).
• Two lacrimal bones (left and right).
• Vomer bone. Ears The auditory ossicles (ossicles) in the middle ear are the smallest bones in your body. These tiny bones transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
The bones of the middle ear include:
• Two hammer bones (one in each ear).
• Two incus bones (one in each ear).
• Two ossicles (one in each ear). The hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone located in the front of the neck. Muscles and ligaments hold it between your jaw and thyroid gland. The hyoid bone helps you breathe, speak, and swallow. come back The spine, or spine, contains 24 vertebrae plus the sacrum and tailbone (coccyx). The spine runs from the base of your skull to your pelvis.
It is grouped into five sections:
• Seven cervical vertebrae: These bones make up your neck and support your head.
• 12 thoracic vertebrae: These bones form the back anchor of your ribs.
• Five lumbar vertebrae: These bones carry most of your body weight and attach to your back muscles.
• Sacrum: The sacrum is a triangular bone that forms the back wall of your pelvis.
• Coccyx (tail bone): The coccyx sits at the base of your spine and connects to many muscles in your body. Rib cage The rib cage, or rib cage, protects your heart, lungs, and other organs. It attaches to the muscles involved in breathing and arm movement.
The bones in your ribs include:
• Sternum (breastbone): This is the long, flat bone that runs down the middle of your chest.
• 24 ribs: Most people have 12 pairs of ribs
RULES AND CONDITIONS
What conditions affect the axial skeleton? Many conditions can cause problems with your axial skeleton. Some develop through wear and tear as you age. Some arise as a result of illness or injury. Conditions that can affect your axial skeleton include:
• Ankylosing spondylitis: Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that causes chronic back inflammation and pain in the lower back.
• Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia: Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia is a genetic disorder of bone growth that causes shortness of height (standard).
• Fibrous dysplasia: Fibrous dysplasia causes bones to break easily as fibrous, bone-like tissue replaces normal, healthy bones.
• Fractures: Bones lose their density with age and less dense bones can lead to fractures.
• Meloreostosis: Meloreostosis is a rare condition that causes thickening or expansion of the outer layers of bones.
• Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a disease that can lead to weak, brittle bones if you don't get enough calcium.
• Paget's disease of bone: Paget's disease of bone is a disease that causes your bones to become larger and weaker than normal.
How can I keep my axial skeleton healthy?
The best way to take care of your axial skeleton is to maintain a healthy lifestyle. To keep your bones strong and healthy: Exercise: Cardio and strength training can help strengthen your bones.
• Sleep: Get at least seven hours of sleep each night so you can recover and rebuild your bones overnight.
• Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight can put too much pressure on your bones.
• Get enough calcium and vitamin D: Drink milk, yogurt and almonds to keep your bones strong.
• Don't smoke: Smoking reduces the adequate blood flow your bones need to stay healthy.
• See your health care provider regularly: If you are over 65, ask your health care provider for a bone density test.
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