ARMS

You have many muscles in the upper arm (between the shoulder and the elbow) and in the arm (between the elbow and the wrist). These upper muscles work together to help with large and small arm movements. Arm muscles control your fingers and thumb and help you with dangerous tasks like threading a needle.

What are arm muscles?

You have over twenty muscles in your upper and lower arm (the area between the elbow and the wrist). Arm muscles help you with small, precise (fine motor) movements, such as wedging your fingers or pressing a button. They also allow for larger movements, such as elbow extensions, arms overhead, or push-ups. Some muscles are on the inside of the arm. Some are close to the surface of your skin and you can easily see their outline when you contract (flex) your muscles. Tendons (soft tissues) attach your muscles to the bones in your arm and shoulder. Arm strains (tearing or stretching the muscle too far) are common injuries. This is often the result of overuse or lifting something too heavy. To prevent damage to your arm muscles, warm up before exercising and stop if you feel pain.

 

What is the purpose of arm muscles?

The muscles in your upper arm and arm allow you to move your arms, hands, fingers, and thumbs. Different muscles help with precise movements, such as threading a needle, as well as larger movements, such as throwing a ball.

What is the purpose of arm muscles?

The muscles in your lower and upper arms allow you to:

• Bend, flex and extend your wrists and fingers.

• Move your hand towards your body and move your hand away from your body.

• Turn your hand palm down. The muscles in your arm have different jobs:

• Check the upper joints of the fingers.

• Move the thumb joint.

• Turn your face palm up or down.

 

What is the purpose of the upper arm muscles?

The upper arm muscles help you move your arms. They work differently depending on their location. They help you:

• Bring your hand to your body.

• Raise (straighten) the arm at the elbow.

• Bend your arm at the elbow (place your hand on your ear).

• Move the upper arm to the shoulder.

• Raise your arm above your head.

• Raise your palm towards you.

 

Where are the forearm muscles?

You have a lot of muscles in your arm (between the elbow and the wrist). Some of these muscles are on the upper arm and some on the lower arm. Your forearm muscle anatomy includes: Superficial muscles of the forearm You have many muscles under your arm that are superficial (closer to the surface of your skin). Most of them start below the elbow and extend up to the wrist. They are:

• Flexor carpi ulnaris.

• Palmaris longus. (Up to 25% of people do not have this muscle.)

• Flexor carpi radialis.

• Flexor digitorum superficialis.

• Pronator teres. Superficial muscles of the upper arm include:

• Anconeus.

• Brachioradialis.

• Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis.

• Extensor digitorum communis.

• Extensor digiti minimum.

• Extensor carpi ulnaris. Deep arm muscles These muscles sit below the superficial muscles on the lower arm.

They are:

• Flexor digitorum profundus.

• Flexor pollicis longus.

• Pronator quadratus. The muscles under your skin on your upper arm are:

• Inch length.

• Extensor pollicis brevis.

• Long thumb attachment.

• Extensor indicis.

• Supinator.

Where are the upper arm muscles located?

You have four muscles in your upper arm, which is the area between your shoulder and elbow. Anatomy of the muscles of the upper arm includes:

• Biceps brachii. Your biceps muscle is in the middle of your upper arm. It is a superficial muscle because it is close to the surface of your skin.

• Brachialis. This deep muscle is located under your biceps.

• Coracobrachialis. Also below your biceps, this muscle connects to your shoulder blade (scapula).

• Triceps brachii. Your triceps muscle is on the back of your arm, just above your elbow. Like the biceps, your triceps muscle is just below the surface of your skin.

 

What does the arm muscle look like?

Arm muscles are part of your musculoskeletal system. They are a type of muscle called skeletal muscle. Many individual fibers make up skeletal muscle. These fibers come together to create a streaked or streaked appearance.

 

RULES AND CONDITIONS

What conditions and diseases affect the muscles of the arm?

Some conditions that can affect your arm muscles include:

• Muscle tension: If the muscle fibers are stretched too far, arm muscles can be injured. In severe cases, your muscles may break (tear). Lifting something heavy or doing strenuous activities can pull or tear an arm muscle. Muscle strains are very common. It can also be a result of overuse.

Rhabdomyolysis: This rare, life-threatening condition occurs when muscle fibers break down. Rhabdomyolysis (rhabdo) is often the result of overexertion and strenuous exercise. It is more common in endurance athletes.

 

What are some common signs or symptoms of conditions that affect the muscles of the arms?

Arm muscle problems can be caused by:

• Muscle pain, tension and stiffness. The pain can be sharp or dull. It can start mild and get progressively worse.

• Muscle weakness or reduced range of motion.

• Spasms or muscle spasms.

• Tenderness or bruising in the arm. Health care providers can usually check for muscle tension during a physical exam. Your healthcare provider will look for swelling and tenderness. They can move your hand, finger or arm. To check for muscle, tendon, or other soft tissue damage, your health care provider may order an imaging study, such as an ultrasound or MRI. These imaging studies can help your healthcare provider make an accurate diagnosis.

What are some common treatments for arm muscle injuries?

Depending on the location and severity of the injury, your healthcare provider may recommend:

• Acupuncture: Dry needling and acupuncture can reduce acute (short-term) and chronic pain from muscle injuries. These treatments also speed up the healing process.

• Massage therapy: Massage can help you recover from muscle damage. It also increases flexibility and range of motion while relieving pain.

• Medications: Your healthcare provider may recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or prescription pain relievers.

• The RICE method: You can treat minor muscle strains and tears with rest. Ask your healthcare provider about the RICE (rest, ice, compression and elevation) method. Apply ice or a cold compress every 20 minutes to relieve pain.

• Physical therapy: After a muscle strain or tear, a physical therapy (PT) program can strengthen the arm muscles. Your health care provider will tell you when you are ready to start a PT program after your injury.

• Stretching: Gentle stretching can relieve pain and tension from a stretched muscle. Ask your healthcare provider for stretching recommendations.

• Surgery: If you have a severe muscle tear, your healthcare provider may recommend surgery.

 

How can I keep my arm muscles healthy?

To avoid arm muscle problems, you should take some time to stretch and warm up before use. Hot muscles stretch or tense less. Gradually increase the intensity as you exercise. Avoid lifting anything too heavy and stop if you feel pain.

 

When should I call my doctor about my arm muscles?

See your healthcare provider if you notice a sudden change in the appearance of your arm, or if you have muscle pain or weakness that does not improve for several days. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have muscle pain and:

• Numbness or ringing.

• Severe muscle weakness.

• Muscle swelling.

• Very dark, red or brown urine.

Skin

As the largest organ of the body, the skin protects against germs, regulates body temperature and enables tactile sensations. The main layers of the skin include the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis and are prone to many problems including skin cancer, acne, wrinkles and rashes.

what is skin?

The skin is the largest organ of the body, consisting of water, protein, fat and minerals. Your skin protects your body from germs and regulates your body temperature. Nerves in your skin help you feel sensations such as heat and cold. Your skin, along with your hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, is part of the integumentary system (in-TEG-you-MEINT-a-ree). "Hidden" means the outer covering of the body.

 

What are the layers of the skin?

The skin consists of three layers of tissue:

• Epidermis, the top layer.

• Dermis, middle layer.

• Hypodermis, the lower or fat layer.

 

What does the epidermis (top layer of skin) do?

Your epidermis is the top layer of skin that you can see and touch. Keratin, a protein in skin cells, covers the skin cells and sticks together with other proteins to form this layer. Skin:

• Acts as a protective barrier: The skin prevents bacteria and germs from entering your body and bloodstream and causing infections. It also protects against rain, sun and other elements.

• Creates new skin: The skin continues to produce new skin cells. These new cells replace the approximately 40,000 old skin cells that your body sheds every day. You have new skin every 30 days.

• Protects your body: Langerhans cells in the epidermis are part of the body's immune system. They help fight bacteria and infections.

• Adds color to the skin: The skin contains melanin, a pigment that gives the skin its color. The amount of melanin you have determines the color of your skin, hair and eyes. People who produce more melanin have darker skin and are easy to spot.

 

What does the dermis (middle layer of skin) do?

The dermis makes up 90% of the skin's thickness. This middle layer of skin:

• Contains collagen and elastin: Collagen is a protein that keeps skin cells firm and strong. Another protein found in the dermis, elastin, keeps the skin supple. It also helps stretched skin regain its shape.

• Hair grows: The roots of the hair follicles attach to the dermis.

• Keeps you in touch: Nerves in the dermis tell you when something is too hot to touch, itchy, or very soft. These nerve receptors also help you feel pain.

• Produces sebum: Sebaceous glands in the dermis help keep the skin soft and smooth. The oil also prevents your skin from absorbing too much water when you swim or get caught in a thunderstorm.

• Produces sweat: Sweat glands in the dermis secrete sweat through pores in the skin. Sweat helps regulate body temperature.

• Supplies blood: Blood vessels in the dermis supply nutrients to the epidermis, keeping the layers of the skin healthy.

 

What does the hypodermis (bottom layer of skin) do?

The bottom layer of the skin, or hypodermis, is the fat layer. Hypodermis:

• Cushions muscles and bones: Fat in the subcutaneous tissue protects muscles and bones from injury in the event of a fall or accident.

• Contains connective tissue: This tissue connects layers of skin to muscles and bones.

• Helps veins and blood vessels: The veins and blood vessels in the dermis (middle layer) grow in the subcutaneous tissue. These veins and blood vessels branch off and connect the subcutaneous tissue to the rest of the body.

• Regulates body temperature: Fat in the subcutaneous tissue prevents excessive cooling or overheating.

 

What else does skin do?

One inch of your skin contains about 19 million skin cells and 60,000 melanocytes (cells that make melanin, or skin pigment). It also has 1000 nerve endings and 20 blood vessels.

 

RULES AND CONDITIONS

What conditions and diseases affect the skin?

As the body's external defense system, your skin is vulnerable to a variety of problems. It includes:

• Allergies such as contact dermatitis and poison ivy rash.

• Blisters.

• Insect bites such as spider bites, mosquito bites.

• Skin cancer, including melanoma.

• Skin infections such as cellulitis.

• Skin rash and dry skin.

• Skin conditions such as acne, eczema, psoriasis and vitiligo.

• Skin lesions such as birthmarks, freckles and skin rashes.

• Cuts, burns (including sunburn) and scars. 

 

How can I protect my skin?

As you age, you lose collagen and elastin. As a result, the middle layer (dermis) of the skin shrinks. As a result, the skin can sag and form wrinkles. While you won't stop the aging process, these actions can help maintain healthier skin:

• Apply sunscreen every day (even if you're mostly indoors). Choose a sunscreen with a broad-spectrum sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30.

• Do not sunbathe indoors or outdoors. Tanning causes skin damage. It ages the skin and can cause skin cancer.

• Find better ways to manage stress. Stress can make some skin conditions worse.

• Check your skin and moles regularly for changes that could be signs of skin cancer.

• Stop smoking and using tobacco products. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and e-cigarettes age the skin faster.

• Use gentle cleansers to wash your face morning and night.

• Bathe regularly and apply moisturizing lotion to prevent skin dryness.

 

When should I talk to a doctor?

You should call your healthcare provider if you experience:

• Change in size, color, shape or symmetry of the mole.

• Changed skin like a new mole.

• A wound that cannot be closed with stitches (which may require stitches).

• Severe burns with blisters.

• Signs of a skin infection such as red streaks or a yellow discharge.

• Unexplained skin rash or skin disease.

EYES

Your eyes are the organs that allow you to see. Many parts of your eye work together to focus on objects and send visual information to your brain. Many conditions and injuries can cause vision changes. Some conditions can lead to permanent vision loss. To keep your eyes healthy, get an eye exam and stay healthy overall.

 

what are eyes?

Your eyes are the organs that allow you to see. They capture light from the world around you and send visual information to your brain. Your eyes see about 200 degrees in all directions, including ahead and to the sides (peripheral vision). Parts of your eyes work together to help you see images, movement, and depth. Your eyes can see millions of colors in different hues. Many conditions can affect how your eyes work, including common vision problems such as myopia (nearsightedness), astigmatism, and eye injuries. Many diseases and disorders that are not necessarily related to the eyes can cause eye problems, including autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and high blood pressure. To keep your eyes healthy, you should see your eye care provider regularly. Eat a balanced diet, maintain a healthy weight and avoid smoking, which can damage your eyes. Always wear safety glasses to avoid injury, especially in contact sports or if you have a job that involves working with tools that can lead to eye damage (welding, metalworking, woodworking, etc.).

 

What are the parts of the eye?

Parts of the eye include:

• The iris, the colored part of your eye. Depending on the color of your eyes, the iris can be any shade of blue, green, hazel or brown.

• Cornea, the clear layer that covers the iris. Water and collagen make up the cornea. Your tears protect your cornea and keep it lubricated.

• The pupil, the dark circle, which is the opening or window in the center of your iris. It expands and contracts to control how much light enters your eye.

• The sclera, the white parts of the eye that surround the iris.

• Conjunctiva, the clear, thin tissue that covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids.

• The lens, which is located behind the pupil. It focuses the light entering your eye and sends the light to the back of the eye.

• The retina, a collection of cells that line the inside of the back of the eye. As part of your nervous system, the retina detects light and converts it into electrical impulses, or nerve signals. The retina contains rods (cells that help you see in low light) and cones (cells that detect color).

• Macula, a small part of the retina. It is responsible for central vision and helps you see fine details and colors.

• The optic nerve, which is behind the retina. It carries signals from the retina to your brain, which then interprets the visual information to tell you what you see.

• Muscles that control the position and movement of your eye, the amount of light entering the eye, and the ability of the eye to focus.

• Vitreous, a clear gel that fills your entire eye. Protects and preserves the shape of the eye.

 

How do your eyes work?

Different parts of your eye work together to help you see images and send visual information to your brain. This whole process is very fast. If you see something:

1. Light enters your eye through the cornea and goes into the lens. Your pupil dilates and contracts to control the amount of light entering your eye.

2. Your cornea and lens refract (bend) light to focus what you see.

3. Light hits the retina at the back of the eye and the retina converts the images into electrical impulses or signals.

4. The optic nerve carries these signals to the part of your brain responsible for vision (the visual cortex). The optic nerve transmits signals from both eyes simultaneously.

5. Your brain interprets what you see. It combines visual information from both eyes and combines them all into a clear image.

 

ANATOMY

What does the eye look like?

Your eye is shaped like a ball that is slightly compressed. It is not a perfect atmosphere because it is a small point in the front. In adults, the eye is about 1 inch in diameter. Eye colors vary, from blue, green or amber to all shades of brown. Some people have spots or streaks of different colors on their irises. They may also have a dark ring of color around the irises. Eye color depends on your genes.

 

RULES AND CONDITIONS

What conditions affect the functioning of the eyes?

There are hundreds of conditions, diseases, illnesses and injuries that can affect the eyes. Some conditions, such as uveitis, cause eye pain. Some can lead to poor vision or vision loss. About 12 million adults in the United States have some form of visual impairment. Conditions that affect the eyes:

• Age-related vision changes: Your eyes change as you age. Many people get floaters and flashes. In some cases, cataracts, macular degeneration, or retinal detachment may occur with age. Presbyopia (loss of near vision) usually begins to affect people around the age of 45.

• Cancer: Tumors can result from intraocular melanoma and retinoblastoma.

• Disease: Many types of eye disease can affect the eye, including congenital (present at birth) cataracts, glaucoma, and optic atrophy. Corneal disease includes many diseases that affect the cornea. Optic neuritis causes inflammation of the optic nerve. • Infections and irritations: Pink eye (conjunctivitis), blepharitis, flu (stye), chalazion and dry eyes cause redness, swelling and discomfort. If the eye does not drain tears properly or if the eyes are irritated or dry, tearing can occur.

• Hereditary diseases: Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited disease (passed down in families) that can cause blindness.

• Injury: Corneal abrasions and retinal detachments can result from trauma to the eye. Accidents can cause bleeding eyes, black eyes, burns and irritation. Foreign objects can also damage the eye. Eye muscle problems: Strabismus (crossed eyes) or amblyopia (lazy eye) can cause changes in the appearance of the eyes. It can also cause vision changes.

• Vision problems: Astigmatism and farsightedness (farsightedness) affect how the eye refracts (bends) light and focuses images. Color blindness makes it difficult or impossible to see different colors. Lack of conversion affects the ability of the eyes to work together. Some people have problems with night vision. Some conditions directly affect the eyes. Some diseases start in different parts of your body and lead to eye problems. It includes:

• Autoimmune disorders, including lupus, thyroid disease, Sjörgren's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS).

• Cardiovascular problems such as arterial disease, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

• Diabetes, which can lead to diabetes-related retinopathy.

• Genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome.

 

What are some common signs or symptoms of eye disease?

Symptoms of eye problems are:

• Eye pain, redness, swelling, bleeding or discharge.

• Eyes that cross or point in different directions.

• Eyes that hurt, itch, burn or are very dry.

• Flashes of light, especially in your peripheral (side) vision.

• Headache and dizziness.

• Inability to move the eyes or open or close the eyelids.

• Multiple spots or a black spot in the center of the field of vision.

• Sensitivity to light or difficulty seeing in low light.

• Vision changes, including blurred or blurred vision and double vision.

 

What are the common tests to check eye health?

During a comprehensive eye exam, providers will use several tests to check for disease and other eye problems. Depending on your symptoms, your provider may recommend tests that evaluate your visual field, visual acuity (acuity), or ability to see colors. They may also check the pressure in your eye or use imaging studies to closely examine the retina or optic nerves.

 

What are some common treatments for conditions that affect the eyes?

Treatment for eye problems varies widely. They contain:

• Corrective lenses: Glasses or contact lenses can help you see clearly. Your provider may also recommend vision correction surgery. People with presbyopia can use special reading glasses to help with near vision.

• Eye drops or eye medication: If you have an eye injury, your provider may recommend rinsing your eye with water. You may also need eye drops or an eye patch.

• Medicines: Your provider may recommend antibiotics to treat the infection. You may need additional medication to manage the medical condition that is causing the eye problems.

• Surgery: Depending on your symptoms, you may need cataract surgery or a procedure to reattach your retina. Providers also perform surgery to correct crossed eyes, remove tumors, or perform corneal transplants.

How can I keep my eyes healthy?

To keep your eyes healthy, you should:

• Get regular eye exams so your provider can monitor your health and catch eye problems early.

• Maintain a healthy weight, eat a balanced diet and stop smoking if you smoke.

• Wear safety glasses when playing contact sports, working with chemicals, or doing activities that damage the eyes, such as using fireworks.

 

When should I call my doctor about my eyes?

Get medical help right away if you or your child have:

• Injury to the eye, especially if the eye is red, swollen, bruised or bleeding.

• Foreign object in the eye (do not try to remove it).

• Bulging eye or eyes (proptosis).

• Cloudy or blurry vision or if you feel like you have a veil in your field of vision.

• Eye-related symptoms including vomiting, nausea or fever.

• Flashes of light in your peripheral (side) vision, almost ambient lights or a dark spot or floater in the center of your field of vision. • Problems moving the eyes in all directions.

• Sudden changes in vision.

EARTH

The human ear, an organ of hearing and balance that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into an electrochemical impulse) and maintains a sense of equilibrium (equilibrium).

How big are human ears?

Ears come in many shapes and sizes. According to a study in the journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (opens in a new tab), men's ears are generally larger than women's ears. The researchers also found that the average ear is about 2.5 inches (6.3 cm) long, and the average earlobe is 0.74 inches (1.88 cm) long and 0.77 inches (1.96 cm) wide. They also noticed that the ear actually gets bigger as a person ages. For example, German scientists reported in 2007 in the Anthropologischer Anzeiger: Journal of Biological and Clinical Anthropology (opens in a new tab) that women's ears grow at a slower rate than men's ears. While the maximum ear length for a 20-year-old woman in the study was 2.4 inches (6.1 cm), it rose to 2.8 inches (7.2 cm) in women over 70. In males, these height 2.6 inches (6.5 in). cm) at age 20 and 3 inches (7.8 cm) for those over 70. Another study at Texas Tech University confirmed this observation. The study found that as people age, the circumference of the ears increases by an average of 0.51 millimeters per year, likely due to age-related changes in collagen. The correlation between age and ear circumference can be put into the equation: Ear circumference in mm = 88.1 + (0.51 x subject's age). On the other hand, a person's age can be calculated based on the person's ear size using the equation: Subject's age = 1.96 x (ear circumference in mm - 88.1)

How do ears function ?

The ear has three main parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. They all have different but important functions that make listening and balancing easier.

 

How hearing works ?

The external ear, also called pinna or pinna, is a cavity of cartilage and skin on the outside of the head. It works like a megaphone. Sound waves are conducted through the outer ear and through the external auditory canal, according to Nebraska Medicine. The ear canal is the part of the ear opening that is clearly visible when looking at the ear closely. Sound waves pass through the ear canal and reach the eardrum, better known as the eardrum. Just like when a drum is hit with a drum stick, a thin sheet of connective tissue vibrates when sound waves hit it. The vibrations pass through the eardrum and enter the middle ear, also known as the tympanic cavity. The eardrum is lined with mucous membrane and filled with air and the auditory ossicles, which are three small bones called the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (bracket), according to Encyclopedia Britannica. As the bones vibrate, the rods push in and out of a structure called the oval window, according to the National Library of Medicine (NLM). This action is transmitted to the inner ear and the cochlea, a spiral fluid-filled structure that contains the spiral organ of Corti, which is the receptor organ for hearing. Small hair cells in this organ resist the vibrations of electrical impulses that are transmitted to the brain by sensory nerves. Anatomy of the ear.

How the ears help with balance?

The Eustachian tube, or pharyngotympanic tube, equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric air pressure. This process helps people maintain balance. The vestibular complex in the inner ear is also important for balance because it contains receptors that regulate the sense of balance. The inner ear is connected to the vestibulocochlear nerve, which transmits sound and balance information to the brain.

 

Ear diseases and conditions?

Ears are delicate organs that can be damaged by physical damage, bacteria or even changes in the environment. According to the NLM, ear infections are the most common ailment in infants and young children. Common symptoms of an ear infection include drainage from the ear, hearing loss, earache, fever, headache, earache, and a feeling of fullness in the ear, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians. Meniere's disease is an inner ear disorder that can result from problems with fluid in the ear. Symptoms include hearing loss, pressure or pain, dizziness and tinnitus. Tinnitus is a noise in the ears. It can also be caused by loud noise, medication or other reasons. Ear barotrauma is an ear injury caused by changes in barometric or water pressure, according to the NLM. This usually happens during airplane flights, traveling to high altitudes, or diving in deep water. Symptoms include pain, ear congestion, hearing loss and dizziness. Barotrauma is usually dealt with by "popping" the ears by yawning, chewing gum, or trying to blow out while holding the nose and closing the mouth. Earwax, also known as cerumen, has antibacterial properties and also lubricates and protects the ear. A normal amount shouldn't bother most people, although sometimes wax can build up and need to be removed, according to The American Academy of Otolaryngology. Symptoms of wax buildup include a blocked ear, cough, odor, discharge, itching, and hearing loss. Hearing loss Hearing loss doesn't just affect the elderly. Two to three out of every 1,000 babies born in the US have hearing loss in both ears. And 15% of Americans age 18 and older report some kind of hearing problem, according to the National Institute on Deafness and Communication Disorders (opens in new tab) (NIDCD). However, age is the biggest predictor of hearing loss in people ages 20 to 69, according to the NIDCD. Hearing normally declines with natural age, although damage to the ear can cause hearing loss at a very young age. "We are seeing more and more patients with significant hearing loss as early as late adolescence," said Dr. Sreekant Cherukuri, a board-certified otolaryngologist based in Chicago and founder of MDHearingAid, told Live Science. "Noise-induced hearing loss is a growing problem in this country. We are connected to our phones and music players, often for hours every day. The damage gets worse over time."

 

Promoting good ear health

Once hearing loss occurs, it cannot be cured naturally. Most patients with hearing loss need surgery or hearing aids. "The good news is that it's 100 percent preventable," Cherukuri said. "I tell my patients to follow the 60-60 rule when using earplugs or headphones: no more than 60 percent full volume for no more than 60 minutes at a time." People who participate in noisy activities or entertainment, such as sporting events, music concerts, shooting sports, riding a motorcycle, or mowing the lawn, should also wear earplugs or noise-reducing or blocking headphones to protect their ears.

 

Care

Careful cleaning is another way to prevent hearing loss and damage. The American Academy of Otolaryngology recommends cleaning the outer ear with a cloth. Then put a few drops of mineral oil, baby oil, glycerin, or commercial drops in the ear to soften the wax and help it flow out of the ear. A few drops of hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide will also help. Do not put anything in your ear.

Legs

Legs are used for standing and all forms of movement, including entertainment such as dancing, and are an important part of the human body. Female legs typically have greater hip anteversion and tibiofemoral angles, but shorter femur and tibial length than males.

What are the leg muscles?

There are many different muscles in the upper and lower limbs. Together, these muscles help you walk, run, jump, stand on your tiptoes, and bend your feet (toes to knees). The muscles in your legs work with your bones, tendons, and ligaments to stabilize your body, support your weight, and help you move. Muscle strains (tearing or stretching a muscle too far) in the legs are common injuries. This is usually the result of strenuous exercise or overuse. To keep your leg muscles strong, you need to warm up before physical activity. By maintaining a healthy weight and focusing on staying healthy in general, you can keep your leg muscles working properly.

 

What is the purpose of the thigh muscles?

Leg muscles help you move, support your body weight, and support you when you stand. There are many muscles in the upper and lower limbs. They work together to allow you to walk, run, jump, and bend and straighten your legs.

 

What is the purpose of the muscles of the lower limbs?

The muscles of the lower limbs have many important functions. They contain: Anterior Muscles: These muscles help you raise and lower your foot and extend your toes. They are on the anterior (front) side of the lower leg. Lateral muscles: Running on the outside of the lower leg, these muscles stabilize the foot when you run or walk. They also allow you to move your foot from side to side. Back muscles: These muscles are on the back of the lower leg. Some are superficial (close to the surface of your skin) and others are located deeper in the leg. They help you:

• Bend and point your toes.

• Jump, run and push to sprint.

• Lock and unlock the knees.

• Maintain good posture by strengthening your legs.

• Stand up straight by supporting the arch of the foot.

 

What is the purpose of the upper leg muscles?

The upper leg muscles are very strong. They support your weight and help you move your hips and legs. Their works include: Front muscles: These muscles stabilize your body and help with balance. You can too:

• Bend and straighten your knees.

• Bend the leg at the hip joints.

• Rotate your legs around your hips. Medial muscles: These muscles help hip adduction (movement of the leg towards the center of the body). They also allow the leg to bend, extend and rotate. Back muscles: Providers also call these hamstring muscles. They help you move your leg from front to back and rotate it in the hip socket. 

 

ANATOMY

Where are the lower leg muscles located?

Your lower leg muscle anatomy includes: Anterior Muscles: You have four muscles in the anterior (front) of the lower leg. It goes from the knees to the feet. They are:

• Extensor digitorum longus.

• Extensor hallucis longus.

• Fibularis tertius.

• Tibialis anterior. Lateral muscles: The fibularis longus and fibularis brevis run on the outside (lateral part) of your lower leg. They start below the knee and go down to the ankle. Back: The muscles on the back (back) of the lower leg are:

• Calf muscles, which include the calf muscles and calf muscles.

• Flexor digitorum longus.

• Flexor hallucis longus.

• Popliteus, which is deeper in the leg behind the knee joints.

• posterior tibialis. Where are the upper leg muscles located? The muscles in your upper leg (your hamstrings) run from your hip to your knee. Anatomy of the muscles of the upper leg includes: Foreleg: You have three main muscles in the upper leg. You also have another muscle, the iliopsoas, which starts at the bottom of the spine and attaches to the femur (thigh bone). The main muscles of the upper thigh are:

• Pectineus.

• The quadriceps femoris (quadriceps femoris), which actually contains four muscles that start at the top of the leg and end at the knee.

• Sartorius. Medial: Providers also call the medial part of the thigh the hip adductors. You have five medial thigh muscles (on the inner thigh). They are:

• Adductor brevis.

• Adductor longus.

• Adductor magnus.

• Gracilis.

• Obturator externus. Back: The most common name for these muscles is the hamstrings. They start at the bottom of the butt, run down the back of the leg, and extend to the inside and outside of the knee. These muscles include:

• Biceps femoris.

• Semimembranosus.

• Semitendinosus.

 

What do the thigh muscles look like?

Leg muscles are part of your musculoskeletal system and are skeletal muscles. Many individual fibers make up skeletal muscle. These fibers join together to create a banded or streaked appearance.

 

RULES AND CONDITIONS

What conditions and diseases affect the leg muscles?

Conditions that affect the leg muscles include:

• Leg drop: A condition that makes it difficult or impossible to raise the leg at the knee. It can drag itself on the ground while walking. Drops in the feet are the result of medical conditions such as stroke or nerve damage.

• Leg cramps: Muscle spasms and muscle cramps are very common. Leg cramps can be a result of pregnancy, dehydration, and certain medications and medical conditions. It can happen at night or during the day. People over the age of 60 are more likely to get leg cramps, especially at night.

• Muscle strain: The most common leg muscle injury is sprain. This occurs when muscle fibers are overstretched or torn. It can affect any part of your leg, resulting in a calf muscle tear or hamstring injury. These injuries are often the result of overuse or strenuous exercise, especially in activities that require rapid starts and stops.

• Tennis leg: This type of muscle injury causes calf pain. It can happen in any sport, but providers call it tennis foot because it usually happens when the leg is extended and the foot is flexible. This is the foot position used by tennis players when serving the tennis ball and "pushing" into motion.

 

What are some common signs or symptoms of conditions that affect the leg muscles?

Leg muscle problems can be caused by:

• Muscle pain, tension and stiffness. The pain can be sharp or dull. It may start as a mild pain and gradually worsen.

• Muscle weakness or reduced range of motion.

• Pain, tenderness or swelling.

 

What are some common tests to check leg muscle health?

Providers can often diagnose muscle strains during a physical exam. Your provider will look for swelling and tenderness. To test function, you may be asked to move your leg or foot into certain positions during the examination. To check for muscle, tendon, or other soft tissue damage, your provider may order an imaging study, such as an ultrasound or MRI. These imaging studies can help your provider make an accurate diagnosis.

 

What are some common treatments for leg muscle injuries?

Depending on the location and severity of the injury, your provider may recommend:

• Massage therapy: Massage can help you recover from an injury while increasing flexibility and range of motion. People with leg cramps can relieve pain and relax tight muscles by massaging the tight muscles with their hands or a roller.

• Medications: Your provider may recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or prescription pain relievers. Some medications can relax the muscles and prevent cramps at night.

• The RICE method: You can treat minor muscle strains and tears with rest. Ask your provider about the RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation) method. Apply ice or a cold compress for 20 minutes. Always protect your skin to avoid skin burns.

• Physical therapy: After a muscle strain or tear, a physical therapy (PT) program can strengthen leg muscles. Your provider will tell you when you are ready to start a PT program after your injury. Physical therapists may use modalities such as dry needling and cupping to address muscle conditions.

• Stretching: Slow stretching can relieve pain and tension from leg cramps or pulled leg muscles. Ask your provider if they recommend sections.

• Surgery: If you have a severe muscle tear, your provider may recommend surgery. Your provider will repair the tear and sew it up with stitches to make it fit. amp How can I keep my leg muscles healthy? To prevent leg muscle problems, you should: • Maintain a healthy weight: People who are overweight are more likely to develop muscle strains. Plus, the pounds put pressure on your legs and put you at a higher risk of injury, such as strains. If you are overweight or obese, talk to your provider about the weight that is best for you.

• Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water and other fluids can reduce your chances of leg cramps.

• Stretch and warm up before exercise: Warmed up muscles are less likely to strain or tear. Before any physical activity, make sure you do a warm-up program to stretch your leg muscles and increase flexibility. Gradually increase the intensity as you exercise.

• Monitor your medications: Some medications can cause leg cramps. Talk to your provider about using another drug that does not cause this side effect.

 

When should I call my doctor about my leg cramps?

If you have severe or sudden calf pain that does not improve after a day or two of rest, call your provider. Calf pain and other muscle strain symptoms can be real symptoms of a serious medical condition, such as bleeding, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), nerve damage, or inflammation of the Achilles tendon. Get immediate help if you have:

• Edema (swelling), heat, redness or tenderness in the calf.

• Noise reduction.

• Severe muscle weakness or problems moving the lower leg.

Mouth

Your mouth, or oral cavity, is an oval opening in your skull. It starts at the lips and ends at the neck. It is important for many bodily functions, including breathing, speaking and eating. In a healthy mouth, the tissues are moist, pink, odorless and painless. Brushing, flossing, and visiting the dentist can help keep your mouth healthy. see what is a mouth Your mouth is part of your digestive system. This oval shape of your skull starts at your lips and ends at your throat. Your mouth allows air and nutrients to enter your body and also helps you speak. It is also called the oral cavity. The inside of your face is known as the buccal mucosa.

What is the function of your mouth?

The mouth is involved in many important functions of the body:

• Breathing.

• To speak.

• Digestion of food and drink.

• Drinking.

• Swallowing.

• To speak.

• Tasting.

 

What are the parts of your mouth?

The lining of your mouth holds food in place for chewing and allows you to make sounds and words:

• Wang.

• Lips.

• Battle.

The roof of your mouth is the roof of your mouth that separates your mouth from your nose or nasal area. It consists of bones and muscles. Inside the mouth are:

• Gums: The gums are the tissue that anchors your teeth in place.

• Mucous membrane of the oral cavity (mucosa): The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is the lining on the inside of the mouth.

• Salivary Glands: Three pairs of salivary glands produce saliva (saliva).

• Sensory receptors: Sensory receptors in your mouth help you feel the temperature and texture of food and drink.

• Taste buds: These cells help detect taste and flavor (sweet, salty, sour and bitter).

• Teeth: Your mouth has 32 teeth that crush and tear food for swallowing and digestion.

• Tongue: Your tongue is a strong muscle with taste buds. It moves food in your mouth and helps you talk.

• Uvula: This piece of flesh that hangs at the back of the palate helps move food from the mouth to the throat.

 

What does healthy oral anatomy look and feel like?

In a healthy mouth, the tissues are pink, firm and moist. If you have a healthy mouth, your breath will smell or be neutral. Healthy gums are firm and pink, not red or white. They are not swollen or painful. The teeth should be firmly seated in the gums, not twisting. It wouldn't hurt to chew or brush your teeth. A healthy mouth has no bumps, flaps, holes or rough spots.

 

RULES AND CONDITIONS

 

What conditions and diseases affect the oral cavity?

Many problems can affect your mouth. Examples:

• Bad breath (halitosis).

• Cleft lip and palate.

• Cold sores or other sores.

• Dry mouth (xerostomia).

• Infection.

• Cancer of the mouth.

• Tongue problems such as a cracked, coated or altered surface.

• Trauma or injury.

• Dental problems such as plaque build-up, cavities, abscesses or damage to wisdom teeth.

• Gum problems such as gingivitis and periodontal disease.

• Speech problems (eg lisp). Oral health problems can be a sign that you have another health problem. If you have oral problems,

 

How can I keep my mouth healthy?

You can keep your teeth, gums and mouth healthy with good oral hygiene, regular dental visits and a healthy lifestyle. For example:

• Avoid smoking and chewing tobacco.

• Brush your teeth, tongue and entire mouth twice a day. Use fluoride toothpaste.

• Drink plenty of water, limit sugary drinks like soda.

• Eat healthy food, avoid excessive sugar.

• Floss between your teeth once a day.

if you experience any of the following symptoms in your mouth:

• Cuts or bruises that won't go away or keep coming back.

• Aches or pains.

• Frequent bleeding.

• Spaces between teeth and gums.

• Less odor. Missing teeth (permanent dentition in adults).

• Dry mouth that won't go away.

Head

The human head consists of a fleshy outer part that surrounds the skull bone. The brain is contained in the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head. The head is in the neck and is supported by seven cervical vertebrae. A human head typically weighs between 2.3 and 5 kilograms (5.1 and 11.0 lb). More than 95% of people fit into this range. There are strange incidents where people have abnormally small or large heads. The Zika bacterium was responsible for an outbreak in the early 2000s. The face is the front part of the head that contains the eyes, nose and mouth. On each side of the mouth, the cheeks form the fleshy edge of the mouth. The ears are on both sides of the head. The human head consists of a fleshy outer part that surrounds the skull bone. The brain is contained in the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head. The head is in the neck and is supported by seven cervical vertebrae. A human head typically weighs between 2.3 and 5 kilograms (5.1 and 11.0 lb). More than 95% of people fit into this range. There are strange incidents where people have abnormally small or large heads. The Zika bacterium was responsible for an outbreak in the early 2000s. The face is the front part of the head that contains the eyes, nose and mouth. On each side of the mouth, the cheeks form the fleshy edge of the mouth. The ears are on both sides of the head. see Your axial skeleton consists of the bones of your head, neck, back, and chest and supports and supports your brain, spinal cord, and organs in your body.

 

What is the axial skeleton?

The adult human body has 206 bones. These bones are divided into two main parts: your appendicular skeleton and your axial skeleton. Your axial skeleton is made up of bones along your vertical axis. Axial comes from the word "axis" which means line. The bones are located along the central core of your body.

 

What is the difference between axial and appendicular skeleton?

Your axial skeleton consists of the bones of your head, neck, back, and chest. Your appendicular skeleton is made up of everything - the bones that attach to (add to) your axial skeleton. Your appendicular skeleton includes the bones of your shoulders, pelvis, and arms, including your arms, hands, legs, and feet.

 

What is the main function of the axial skeleton?

 

Your axial skeleton provides support and cushioning for your brain, spinal cord and body organs. The muscles in your body that move your head, neck, and torso are attached to your axial skeleton. These muscles help you breathe and stabilize parts of your appendicular skeleton. Your axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones.

 

What are the five parts of the axial skeleton?

The five parts of your axial skeleton include the bones in your skull, the ossicles (small bones) in your middle ear, the hyoid bone in your neck, the vertebrae (the bones in your spine), and the rib cage (chest).

 

Which bones belong to the axial skeleton?

The axial skeleton includes the bones of your skull, ears, neck, back, and ribs: skull Your skull has two sets of bones: eight cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The cranial bones form the top and back of your skull and support and protect your brain. The eight cranial bones include:

• Two parietal bones (left and right).

• Two temporal bones (left and right).

• Frontal bone.

• Occipital bone.

• Ethmoid bone.

• Sphenoid bone. The facial bones form the surface of your skull and form a pathway for your body. The 14 facial bones include:

• Two jaw bones (left and right).

• Two zygomatic bones (left and right).

• Bone in the lower jaw.

• Two nasal bones (left and right).

• Two palatine bones (left and right).

• Two bones of the nasal concha (left and right).

• Two lacrimal bones (left and right).

• Vomer bone. Ears The auditory ossicles (ossicles) in the middle ear are the smallest bones in your body. These tiny bones transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

The bones of the middle ear include:

• Two hammer bones (one in each ear).

• Two incus bones (one in each ear).

• Two ossicles (one in each ear). The hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone located in the front of the neck. Muscles and ligaments hold it between your jaw and thyroid gland. The hyoid bone helps you breathe, speak, and swallow. come back The spine, or spine, contains 24 vertebrae plus the sacrum and tailbone (coccyx). The spine runs from the base of your skull to your pelvis.

It is grouped into five sections:

• Seven cervical vertebrae: These bones make up your neck and support your head.

• 12 thoracic vertebrae: These bones form the back anchor of your ribs.

• Five lumbar vertebrae: These bones carry most of your body weight and attach to your back muscles.

• Sacrum: The sacrum is a triangular bone that forms the back wall of your pelvis.

• Coccyx (tail bone): The coccyx sits at the base of your spine and connects to many muscles in your body. Rib cage The rib cage, or rib cage, protects your heart, lungs, and other organs. It attaches to the muscles involved in breathing and arm movement.

The bones in your ribs include:

• Sternum (breastbone): This is the long, flat bone that runs down the middle of your chest.

• 24 ribs: Most people have 12 pairs of ribs 

 

RULES AND CONDITIONS

What conditions affect the axial skeleton? Many conditions can cause problems with your axial skeleton. Some develop through wear and tear as you age. Some arise as a result of illness or injury. Conditions that can affect your axial skeleton include:

• Ankylosing spondylitis: Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that causes chronic back inflammation and pain in the lower back.

• Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia: Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia is a genetic disorder of bone growth that causes shortness of height (standard).

• Fibrous dysplasia: Fibrous dysplasia causes bones to break easily as fibrous, bone-like tissue replaces normal, healthy bones.

• Fractures: Bones lose their density with age and less dense bones can lead to fractures.

• Meloreostosis: Meloreostosis is a rare condition that causes thickening or expansion of the outer layers of bones.

• Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a disease that can lead to weak, brittle bones if you don't get enough calcium.

• Paget's disease of bone: Paget's disease of bone is a disease that causes your bones to become larger and weaker than normal.

 

How can I keep my axial skeleton healthy?

The best way to take care of your axial skeleton is to maintain a healthy lifestyle. To keep your bones strong and healthy: Exercise: Cardio and strength training can help strengthen your bones.

• Sleep: Get at least seven hours of sleep each night so you can recover and rebuild your bones overnight.

• Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight can put too much pressure on your bones.

• Get enough calcium and vitamin D: Drink milk, yogurt and almonds to keep your bones strong.

• Don't smoke: Smoking reduces the adequate blood flow your bones need to stay healthy.

• See your health care provider regularly: If you are over 65, ask your health care provider for a bone density test. 

Tongue

Your tongue is important for eating and eating food. It also helps you speak clearly and form words. Changes in the appearance of your tongue may indicate an underlying condition. If your symptoms last more than two weeks, schedule a visit with your healthcare provider. Your tongue is a muscular organ in your mouth that helps with chewing, speaking and breathing. Your tongue is a muscular organ in your mouth that helps you touch, speak and breathe.

What does language do?

A digestive organ, your tongue moves food around your mouth to help you chew and swallow. It will also help you make different sounds so you can speak and form clear words. Your tongue can help open your airways so you can breathe properly.

Where is the toungue located ?

Your tongue runs from the hyoid bone (located in the middle of the throat) to the bottom of your mouth.

What is the toungue made of ?

Your tongue is made up mostly of muscles. It is anchored to the inside of your mouth by webs of tough tissue and is covered by mucosa (the moist, pink lining that covers certain organs and body cavities). Your tongue is also covered with different types of papillae (bumps) and taste buds.

You have four different types of tastes, including:

• Threaded. Filiform papillae are found in the front two-thirds of the tongue and look like threads. Unlike other types of papillae, filiform papillae do not have taste buds.

• Fungiform. These papillae got their name from their mushroom-like shape. Fungal papillae, which lie mostly on the sides and tip of your tongue, contain about 1,600 taste buds.

• Circumvallate. The small bumps on the back of the tongue are circumvallate papillae. It looks larger than other types of papillae and has about 250 taste buds.

• Leafy. Leaf papillae are found on both sides of the back of the tongue and look like rough folds of tissue. Each person has about 20 leaf papillae, which contain several hundred taste buds.

 

 

How do taste buds work?

 

Your taste buds are clusters of nerve cells that send sensory messages to your brain. There are five basic flavors that stimulate your taste buds, including:

1. Sweetness.

2. Salt.

3. bitter.

4. Sour.

5. Umami (salty taste).

 

There is a common misconception that different parts of the tongue taste different things. In fact, all of your taste buds have the ability to detect all five tastes – some areas of your tongue are a little more sensitive to certain flavors.

 

What color should a healthy tongue be?

 

A healthy tongue is normally pink, although shades of light and dark can vary. If your tongue is colored, it could indicate a health problem.

 

 

 

RULES AND CONDITIONS

 

What are some conditions or problems that affect language?

Your tongue can tell you a lot about your overall health. Below are the symptoms that can affect your language and the underlying conditions they may represent. Difficulty moving the tongue In most cases, problems with tongue movement are caused by nerve damage. When the nerves are damaged, the muscles that control your tongue can become weak or paralyzed. Tongue tie (ankyloglossia) can also make it difficult to move the tongue. With this condition, your frenum (the band of tissue that connects your tongue to the floor of your mouth) is too short. As a result, it is difficult to move the tongue freely. It can cause breastfeeding problems in babies. Tongue tie can also have a negative effect on speech. A tied tongue can be treated with a frenectomy. Taste changes Dysgeusia (change in taste) and ageusia (total loss of taste) can be caused by infections, nerve problems, certain medications, or damage to taste. Unnecessary language Numbness of the tongue can be a symptom of many different conditions, including:

 

• Allergic reaction to certain foods or chemicals.

• Autoimmune diseases such as lupus, scleroderma or multiple sclerosis (MS).

• Raynaud's phenomenon, a condition where your small blood vessels become narrow.

• Nerve damage that can occur after dental procedures or tongue piercings.

• Lack of certain vitamins or minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc and phosphorus. Sometimes tongue numbness or tingling is a symptom of a stroke. If numbness of the tongue develops along with facial droop, trouble speaking, confusion, dizziness, loss of vision, or a severe headache,

 

Sore, swollen tongue Irritation or minor infections are the most common causes of tongue pain. Smoking, ulcers, or ill-fitting dentures can also cause this type of discomfort. In some cases, a sore tongue can be a symptom of oral cancer. (Note that not all oral cancers cause pain.)

 

Burning tongue If you have a burning or stinging sensation in your mouth or tongue, you may have a condition known as burning mouth syndrome. This condition is not harmful, but it can be annoying. Burning mouth syndrome can affect anyone, but it is most common in postmenopausal people.

 

Enlarged tongue (macroglossia) The average tongue is about 3 inches long and about 2.52 inches wide. An enlarged tongue can be related to trauma, inflammatory conditions, or certain health problems, such as primary amyloidosis (a rare disease in which clumps of abnormal proteins build up in your organs and tissues).

 

Bald tongue (atrophic glossitis) With this condition, your tongue loses its bumpy texture and appears completely smooth. A bald tongue can be a symptom of anemia or vitamin B deficiency. Fever blister While cold sores usually form on the lips, they can also appear on the tongue. Cold sores are caused by the highly contagious herpes simplex virus.

 

Color changes If your tongue is discolored, it could be a sign of an underlying problem.

 

• White tongue: White patches on the tongue may indicate thrush, lichen planus, leukoplakia, or other conditions.

 

• Red or purple tongue: If your tongue is red or purple, it may be related to benign conditions such as geographic tongue. But it can also be a symptom of vitamin deficiency, scarlet fever or Kawasaki disease.

 

• Black tongue: If your tongue is yellow, brown or black, it may be a condition called black hairy tongue. Despite its strange name, black hairy tongue people do not have tongue hairs. This condition occurs when bacteria, food, and other debris build up in the filiform papillae of your tongue.

 

• Yellow tongue: A yellow tongue is usually the result of an overgrowth of bacteria, eating certain foods or smoking. In some cases, a yellow tongue can be a symptom of an underlying condition such as psoriasis or, rarely, jaundice.

 

Care

 

How can I keep my tongue healthy?

 

To keep your tongue healthy, follow good oral hygiene. When you brush and floss your teeth, don't forget to brush your tongue as well. You should also visit your dentist for regular cleanings and checkups. Quitting smoking, drinking plenty of water and eating a balanced diet can also help keep your tongue healthy.

 

How do I clean my tongue?

 

Tongue cleaning reduces harmful bacteria in the mouth that can lead to bad breath (halitosis) and plaque. The best way to clean your tongue is with a toothbrush. To do this, use a toothbrush to brush your tongue up and down and side to side. Then rinse your mouth with water. You can also clean your tongue with a tongue scraper, available at most drugstores.

 

Can I just use mouthwash to clean my tongue?

Mouthwash kills only the outer cells of the biofilm. (A biofilm is a group of microorganisms that cover the surface of your mouth, including your tongue). Therefore, it is best to physically remove the bacteria with a toothbrush or tongue scraper.

 

Think of cleaning your car.

When you spray your car with a hose, big chunks of junk come out. But if you run your finger over the surface, there is still a fine layer of dirt. You need a brush or sponge to remove this layer. The same with the tongue: you have to clean it to keep it clean. 

 

NECK

Cervical spine Your cervical spine is made up of the first seven vertebrae of your spine. It provides support for the weight of your head, surrounds and protects your spinal cord, and allows for a wide range of head movement. Many conditions can affect this part of your spine, including neck pain, arthritis, degenerative bone and disc disease, and stenosis. There are many treatment options available.

 

Cervical spine

Your cervical spine - the neck part of your spine - is made up of seven stacked bones called vertebrae. The first two vertebrae of your cervical spine are unique in shape and function. Your first vertebra (C1), also known as the atlas, is an annular bone that starts at the base of your skull. It is named after Atlas, in Greek mythology, who held the world on his shoulders. The atlas is on your head. Your second vertebra (C2), also called the axis, allows the atlas to rotate against it to keep the head from rotating from side to side. Your seven cervical vertebrae (C1 through C7) are connected at the back of the bone by a type of joint (called facet joints) that allows your neck to move forward, backward, and rotate. Your cervical spine is also surrounded by muscles, nerves, tendons and ligaments. Shock-absorbing discs, called intervertebral discs, are located between individual vertebrae. Your spinal cord runs through the center of your entire spine. Your spinal cord sends and receives messages from your brain, which controls all aspects of your body's functions.

 

What does the cervical spine do? 

our cervical spine has many functions, including:

• Protection of the spinal cord. The nerves in your spinal cord pass through a large opening (called the vertebral foramen) that runs through the center of all your vertebrae—from the base of your skull to the cervical vertebrae, the thoracic (middle back) vertebrae, and ending between the vertebrae. first and second lumbar (lower back) vertebrae. All the stacked vertebrae in your spine together form a protective central canal that protects your spinal cord.

• Support the head and allow movement. Your cervical spine supports the weight of your head (10 to 13 pounds on average). It also allows your head and neck to move forward (flexion), backward (extension), turn from side to side (rotation), or turn to one side (ear to shoulder; lateral flexion)

. • Ensure safe passage of the vertebral arteries. Small openings in the C1 to C6 vertebrae of the cervical spine provide a protective pathway for the vertebral arteries to bring blood to your brain. This is the only part of the vertebrae in the entire spine that has holes in the bone for arteries to pass through.

 

What are the other muscles and soft tissues of the neck?

Other structures around or involving your cervical spine include the following: The muscles that support your cervical spine The main muscles that attach to your cervical spine include:

• Sternocleidomastoid. This muscle, one on each side of your neck, runs from the ear to the front of the neck. It attaches to your breastbone (sternum) and collarbone. With this muscle, you can turn your head from side to side and lift your chin.

 • Trapezius. This pair of triangular muscles runs from the base of your skull down to your cervical and thoracic spine and out into your shoulder. It helps tilt the head up/move the neck back, turn the head to the right or left, or lift the shoulder.

• Levator scapulae. This muscle attaches to your first four cervical vertebrae and the top of your shoulder (scapula). It helps raise the shoulder blades, tilt the head to the side, and turn the head.

• Erector spinae. Many muscles make up this muscle group. In the cervical spine, these muscles help with posture, neck rotation, and neck extension.

• Deep cervical flexors. These muscles run in front of your cervical spine. They can bend the neck forward and help keep the cervical spine stable.

• Suboccipital muscles. These four pairs of muscles connect the top of your cervical spine to the base of your skull. They allow the head to be extended and turned. Ligaments in your cervical spine The ligaments in your cervical spine connect bone to bone and help keep your cervical spine stable. The three main ligaments of the cervical spine are:

• Anterior longitudinal ligament. This ligament runs from the base of your skull down in front of the cervical vertebra. It stretches to prevent movement at the back of the neck.

• Posterior longitudinal ligament. This ligament starts at C2 and extends behind your cervical vertebrae. It stretches to resist the forward movement of the neck.

• Ligamentum flava. These ligaments line the back of the inner opening of each vertebra through which your spinal cord passes. These ligaments cover and protect your spinal cord from behind. Discs of the cervical spine Cervical discs are "shock absorbers" that sit between each vertebra. A total of six discs lie between seven cervical vertebrae (one between two vertebrae). In addition to cushioning your neck from stress, the discs allow you to bend and turn your head more easily during activity. Nerves of the cervical spine Eight pairs of spinal nerves exit through small openings (foramen) between each pair of vertebrae in your cervical spine. They are labeled C1 to C8. They stimulate the movement of the muscles in the neck, shoulders, arms and hands and provide sensation.

• Cervical nerves C1, C2, and C3 control forward, backward, and side-to-side movement of your head and neck. The C2 nerve gives sensation to the top of your head; The C3 provides sensation on the sides of your face and the back of your head.

• Cervical nerve 4 controls the upward movement of the shoulders and is one of the nerves that controls the diaphragm (the muscle under the ribs that helps you breathe). C4 provides sensation in the neck, shoulders and upper arms.

• Cervical nerve 5 controls the deltoid muscles in your shoulder and your biceps. C5 provides sensation in the upper arm up to the elbow.

• Cervical nerve 6 controls the extensor muscles of your wrist and is involved in controlling your biceps. C6 provides sensation in the thumb part of the arm and hand.

• Cervical nerve 7 controls your triceps and wrist extensor muscles. C7 gives sensation on the back of the arm to the middle finger.

• Cervical nerve 8 controls your hands and gives sensation to the little finger of your hand and arm. spinal cord Your spinal cord is a bundle of nerve tissue that runs from the base of your brain to your body. It carries messages between your brain and the muscles mentioned above.

What diseases and disorders affect your cervical spine?

Many diseases and conditions result from problems with the cervical spine and the surrounding soft tissues and nerves. It includes:

• Cervical radiculopathy. This condition occurs when the cervical nerve is compressed by the cervical vertebrae. You may experience tingling, numbness, weakness, and pain. Symptoms may remain localized or spread to your arms, hands, and fingers. Cervical radiculopathy is also called nerve entrapment or cervical nerve compression.

• Sore throat. Neck pain is a common symptom of many different injuries and medical conditions. Common causes include degenerative conditions (osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis, herniated disc, pinched nerve), whiplash, mental stress, physical strain, poor posture, growths (tumors, cysts, bone spurs), meningitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.

• Cervical degenerative disc disease. Cervical degenerative disc disease occurs when the discs in the cervical spine wear out.

• Prolapsed disc. This condition is a tear or leakage of the discs that provide cushion between the vertebrae. You can easily bend and move the intervertebral discs.

• Bones of the cervical spine (cervical osteophytes). Bone spurs are growths that occur on one of the seven vertebrae in your cervical spine.

• Cervical spondylosis. Cervical spondylosis, also known as arthritis of the neck, is an age-related progressive degeneration of your discs and joints in the cervical spine.

• Cervical spinal cord injury. A cervical spinal cord injury is an injury to your neck vertebrae. Most spinal cord injuries are the result of sudden, traumatic blows to the vertebrae.

• Fracture of the cervical spine. A broken bone in your spine can be the result of a compression (usually from minor trauma in someone with osteoporosis) or a burst fracture (vertebrae crushed in all directions) or a dislocation fracture (usually from a car accident or fall from a height.).

• Compression of the cervical spinal cord (cervical spondylotic myelopathy). This is a condition where there is pressure on your spinal cord in the cervical spine. One of the most common causes is damage to the bones in the spine, a condition called osteoarthritis.

• Cervical stenosis. This condition occurs when your spinal canal narrows at the cervical spine. A small space in your cervical spine can reduce the amount of space available for your spinal cord and the nerves that branch from the spinal cord. A tight space can cause irritation, compression or pinching of the spinal cord or nerves.

• Cervical spine tumor and cancer. Tumors are abnormal growths of tissue in your spine. It can be non-cancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant).

• Meningitis. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges. The meninges are the protective lining around your brain and spinal cord.

• Osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis is a bacterial or fungal infection of a bone, in this case the vertebrae of your spine. If left untreated, it can lead to the death of the vertebrae. How to diagnose diseases and conditions of the cervical spine? First, your health care

External body Parts :

The external organs of our body are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. We can see these organs. These external organs are our sense organs. Sense organs are an important part of our body because they tell us about our environment.

The list of external bodies is given below:

 

1. Head 

2. Neck

3. Nose

4. Tongue

5. Arms

6. Legs

7. Eyes 

8. Ears

9. Skin

10. Mouth 

 

 

NOSE: Your nose is part of your respiratory system. It lets air into your body, then filters the pun and heats and vaporizes the air. Your nose gives you a sense of smell and helps shape your appearance. Many common symptoms can affect your nose, such as nasal congestion and nosebleeds. Other symptoms may need to be treated to keep your nose healthy. Your nose, the structure that protrudes from the center of your face, is part of your respiratory system.

Function

Your nose is involved in many important bodily functions:

• Let the air enter your body.

• Contribute to how you look and sound when you speak.

• Filtering and purifying the air to remove particles and allergens.

• Provides sense of smell.

• Warm and humidify the air so it can comfortably control your respiratory system.

Your nose is also a significant aspect of your facial appearance and your sense of well-being.

Composition

Your nasal anatomy includes:

• Bone: The hard bridge of the nose is made of bone. Hair and cilia: Hair and cilia (small hair-like structures) inside the nose trap dirt and particles. They then carry these particles into your nostrils where they can be sniffed or wiped out.

• Side walls (outer walls): The outer wall of your nose is made of cartilage and is covered by skin. The walls make up your nostrils and your nostrils.

• Nasal sinuses: Your nose has two nostrils, hollow spaces where air enters and leaves. They are covered with mucous membranes.

• Nerve cells: These cells communicate with your brain and create the sense of smell.

• Nostras (nostra): These are the nostril openings that are on the face.

• Septum: The septum is made of bone and strong cartilage. It runs down the middle of the nose and separates the two nostrils.

• Sinuses: You have four pairs of sinuses. These air pockets are attached to your nostrils. They produce mucus that keeps your nose moist.

• Turbinates (conchae): There are three pairs of turbinates on the side of the two nostrils. These folds in the nose help to warm and humidify the air after it is inhaled and help with nasal drainage.

Rules and Conditions 

Medical conditions that can affect your nose include:

• Allergic rhinitis: Allergic rhinitis (high fever) can cause irritation, runny nose, runny nose or stuffy nose. Deviated septum: A deviated septum occurs when your septum is off-center, from birth or injury. This can cause breathing problems, nasal congestion and headaches.

• Increased clams: Allergies and irritants can cause clams that block airflow and affect normal breathing.

• Injury or trauma: Your nose can be broken or injured, just like any other external part of your body. Infection: An infection can cause many of the same symptoms as an allergic rhinitis. Examples are sinus infections and colds.

• Nasopharyngeal cancer: Your nose can be the site of head and neck cancer.

• Nasal polyps: Nasal polyps are bumps that block airflow or prevent the nose from filtering air.

• Nasal valve collapse: Nasal valve collapse is the most common cause of nasal obstruction, often due to an accident or injury to the nose.

• Nosebleeds (epistaxis): Nosebleeds occur when blood breaks in the nose. They are common and most of them are not serious.

 How can I keep my nose healthy?

• Avoid smoking and inhaling second-hand smoke.

• Do not remove nose hair or do so carefully as it filters dirt and pus.

• Drink plenty of water. Keep your home clean to reduce the amount of dust and other allergens you breathe. Wash your blankets to remove dust. Add salt to the nostrils to keep them clean and moist. Use a humidifier at home to keep the air moist.

• Yellow or green discharge from the nose, which may indicate an infection.

• Sinus pain.

• Snoring, especially if it wakes you up at night.

• If you are not satisfied with the appearance of your nose.